Income Tax Calculators

Estimate federal and state income tax, capital gains tax, and self-employment tax — with current bracket data, per-state coverage, and a full breakdown of how each dollar is taxed.

Tax data current for 2025 & 2026 · Updated for the One Big Beautiful Bill Act

Income Tax

Estimate your total federal and state income tax for 2026 with a full bracket-by-bracket breakdown.

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Paycheck

Per-paycheck take-home pay after federal income tax, FICA, state income tax, and pre-tax deductions.

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Capital Gains Tax

Short- and long-term capital gains tax, including the 3.8% Net Investment Income Tax for high earners.

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Self-Employment Tax

Schedule SE tax on freelance / 1099 / small-business net earnings — including the deductible employer-half.

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Income Tax Calculator by State

State-specific income tax pages with brackets, standard deductions, personal exemptions, and notes on local income tax where it applies (NYC, Yonkers, Philadelphia, Maryland counties, Ohio cities, and others).

Alabama Alaska Arizona Arkansas California Colorado Connecticut Delaware Florida Georgia Hawaii Idaho Illinois Indiana Iowa Kansas Kentucky Louisiana Maine Maryland Massachusetts Michigan Minnesota Mississippi Missouri Montana Nebraska Nevada New Hampshire New Jersey New Mexico New York North Carolina North Dakota Ohio Oklahoma Oregon Pennsylvania Rhode Island South Carolina South Dakota Tennessee Texas Utah Vermont Virginia Washington Washington D.C. West Virginia Wisconsin Wyoming

Federal vs. state income tax

U.S. workers pay two layers of income tax in most states: federal and state. The federal layer uses seven progressive brackets (10% → 37%) applied to taxable income after the standard or itemized deduction. The Income Tax Calculator models both layers together for any state plus a clean federal-only view for the nine states with no wage income tax (Alaska, Florida, Nevada, New Hampshire, South Dakota, Tennessee, Texas, Washington, Wyoming).

State income tax varies more than most people realize: nine states have a single flat rate (Illinois, Pennsylvania, Indiana, Kentucky, Michigan, Massachusetts, Colorado, North Carolina, Utah), the rest use progressive brackets, and the top marginal rate ranges from 0% (no-tax states) to 13.3% (California). Personal exemptions, standard-deduction amounts, and state-specific pre-tax conformity (e.g., Pennsylvania doesn't conform on 401(k) contributions) shift the actual tax bill substantially between states with the same headline rate.

Annual income tax vs. paycheck withholding

These two numbers aren't the same. The Income Tax Calculator estimates your total tax bill for the year — what you owe after credits and deductions are applied to your annual income. The Paycheck Calculator estimates per-pay-period withholding — what your employer takes out of each paycheck based on IRS Publication 15-T tables and your W-4. The two should roughly reconcile at tax time, but they typically don't match exactly because withholding tables don't account for credits (Child Tax Credit, EITC, education credits), most itemized deductions, or non-wage income.

Pick the right tool for the question you're asking: "what will I owe this year?" → income tax calculator. "what will hit my bank account on Friday?" → paycheck calculator.

Why state income tax varies so much by state

State income tax differences come down to four factors:

  • Whether the state taxes wage income at all. Nine don't. Among those, Washington imposes a 7% capital gains tax on long-term gains above ~$270,000, and New Hampshire's old 5% interest-and-dividends tax was fully phased out at the start of 2025.
  • Flat vs. progressive structure. Flat-rate states (e.g., Pennsylvania's 3.07%) tax every dollar of taxable income at the same rate. Progressive-rate states (e.g., California's 1%–13.3%) layer in brackets that compound at higher incomes.
  • Standard deduction size. The federal standard deduction is $16,100 single / $32,200 married-filing-jointly for 2026. State standard deductions vary from $0 (e.g. Iowa) to $30,000 MFJ (e.g. Colorado, Idaho), which moves real effective rates substantially.
  • Local layers on top. A handful of states permit county or city income tax: NYC and Yonkers in New York, Philadelphia in Pennsylvania, every county and Baltimore City in Maryland, hundreds of municipalities in Ohio, county-level rates in Indiana and Kentucky, several cities in Michigan, and the earnings tax in Kansas City and St. Louis. The per-state pages above flag these where they apply.

What changed for 2026

The One Big Beautiful Bill Act updated federal brackets, the standard deduction, and several credits for the 2026 tax year. All calculators in this hub reflect the current rules. For a full view of 2026-specific updates, see 2026 Tax Calculators.

Capital gains and self-employment

Two important slices of income don't fit the standard wage-income bracket math:

Capital gains on investments held longer than a year qualify for preferential rates (0%, 15%, or 20%) instead of ordinary income brackets. The Capital Gains Tax Calculator models the rate, holding period, and the 3.8% Net Investment Income Tax (NIIT) that kicks in above $200,000 MAGI single / $250,000 MFJ.

Self-employment income from freelance work, contracting, or a small business is subject to Schedule SE tax — the 15.3% combined Social Security and Medicare tax that W-2 employees split with their employer but the self-employed owe in full. The Self-Employment Tax Calculator handles the SS wage-base cap, the deductible half, and quarterly estimated payment guidance.

Related categories

Sales tax and other tax types live under Tax Calculators. Per-paycheck withholding by state is in Payroll Calculators. Long-term tax-advantaged saving (401(k), IRA, retirement) is in Savings & Investing.